Pockels modulation in integrated nanophotonics

Electro-optic modulators provide the electrical control of intensity, frequency, and phase an optical signal. They became indispensable part our telecommunication network largely dictate achievable data bandwidths. Novel active material platforms recent advantages in fabrication processing techniques enabled next generation electro-optic featuring significantly improved performance relevant device metrics, i.e., modulation efficiency, bandwidth, wavelength range operation, footprint, environmental stability. Here, we overview achievements modulation, consider tradeoffs between matrices, conduct assessment based on nanophotonic configurations platforms. We highlight fundamental limitations practical challenges for different materials employed photonic plasmonic